In this research we have determined neutrons spectrum and the intensity that produced from thallium target bombardment. We have applied SRIM and ALICE computer codes to thallium target and its copper substrate for 145 mA of 28.5 MeV incident proton beam from cyclotron Cyclone 30. Because of the energy degradation of protons while passing through the thallium target and its copper substrate, the average energy of protons in different depths has been calculated by using SRIM computer code. Then, by applying ALICE computer code for each sub-layer, the neutron production cross sections and their energy spectrum have been calculated to determine the total neutron intensity and spectrum. Using the calculated neutron intensity of 1.22x1013 n/s as the source, the equivalent dose rate at the distance 6 meters from the target has been calculated by MCNP computer code and the result has been compared with the measured value. The 201Pb activity has also been calculated as 13.5 Curies. The measured 201Pb activity by Curie meter CAPINTEC CRC-712 is 13.1 Ci which is in reasonable agreement with the calculated value, bearing in mind the uncertainties in the proposed models and the measurements.

Thallium-203 is the main material for 201TICl3 radiopharmaceutical. It is very important to recover the remaining enriched Thallium-203 in every stage of the process to be reused in the production loop. In this research, the recuperation of Thallium-203 was studied with Dowex 50WX8 ion exchange resin and Thallium-201 as a tracer. The results based on filling of (18x1.5) cm columns with this resin showed that the best flow rate of eluent is 2 mL/min. Also the most suitable volumes are {200 mL (RNO3 0.05 M), 400 mL (solution of Thallium-203), 100 mL (H2O), 500 mL (Citric acid), 100 mL (H2O), 100 mL (EDTA 0.5 M &pH~12.5), 60 mL (H2O), respectively.

The value of dobutamine infusion during thallium 201 imaging at rest was assessed in 37 patients with chest pain and suspected coronary artery disease. Dobutamine was infused in 3- minute stages at incremental doses from 5-40 mg/kg/min as tolerated. Coronary angiograms were obtained 2 days later. 23 patients had significant coronary artery stenosis and the remaining 14 had normal coronary arteries. Positive thallium 201 defects were present 10 patients with CAD (sensitivity 83%) and in 3 patients without CAD (specificity 78%). The values are significantly better than the usual exercise test. Dobutamine was well tolerated by patients without significant arrhythmias and no major limiting symptoms except chest pain and palpitation. We conclude that dobutamine infusion with thallium 201 imaging is a well tolerated, accurate and sensitive method for diagnosing coronary artery disease in patients who can not exercise or are unable to use vasodilator drugs for the for detection of coronary artery disease.

Separation of thallium isotopes (203Tl , 205Tl ) have been carried out by a 180o electromagnetic isotope separator. Thallium iodide as the charge material is used in a graphite crucible of calutron ion source. Under the pressure of 1 × 10-5 torr, thallium ions are extracted, accelerated and focused by the electrical lenses. The ions then traverse the main vacuum tank in circular paths, entering the magnetic field of 2547 Gauss and finally reach the collector. A number of chemical procedures have been employed for recovery and purification of the collected ions from the copper pockets. The final isotopic products have been characterized by a x-ray diffractometer, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and a mass spectrometer. High pure thallium trioxide (Tl203 ) with 95.91% isotopic abundance for 203Tl has been confirmed.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive outcome of women with history of infertility or recurrent miscarriage following hysteroscopic septum resection.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study performed on 263 patients, among whom 248 patients were infertile (79% with primary infertility and 21% with secondary infertility) and 15 patients presented with histories of recurrent miscarriage (three or more miscarriages) between 2005 and 2009. All participants underwent hysteroscopic septum resection using monopolar knife electrode. The main outcome measure was reproductive outcome after hysteroscopic metroplasty.Results: The septum was completely removed during the first hysteroscopy in 242 (92%) patients. A residual septum was seen in 21 (8%) patients who required a second sitting of surgery. Three cases were complicated by minor perforations which required no further interventions. One operation complicated with bleeding which was controlled by a Foley catheter. There were no cases of postoperative Asherman’s syndrome. Postoperatively, out of 263 patients, outcomes of 203 individuals were analyzed. According to the results, the miscarriage rate reduced significantly from 20.2 to 4.9%. Postoperative ectopic pregnancy rate and preterm labor were lower than prior to septum resection. Term deliveries increased significantly from 2.5 to 33.5%.Conclusion: Hysteroscopic septum resection is a safe and effective method for patients with history of infertility or recurrent miscarriage.